铬在芹菜中的累积、亚细胞分布及化学形态分析

采用盆栽试验,研究了Cr6+处理对美国西芹和日本西芹铬总累积量及器官中铬亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响。结果表明,对照处理（0mg·kg-1 Cr6+）芹菜根部和地上部铬在亚细胞中分布为：F3（可溶部分）＞F2（细胞器及膜部分）＞F1（细胞壁及残渣）;40mg·kg-1Cr6+处理为：F1＞F3＞F2,细胞壁(F1)是铬在芹菜细胞内的主要结合位点。芹菜根部和地上部铬化学形态以醋酸提取态占优势,NaCl和HCl提取态也占较大比例。60mg·kg-1Cr6+处理下2个品种芹菜地上部和根部铬含量均极显著增加（P＜001）;相同浓度铬处理下,铬含量和总积累量为：根＞叶＞茎,日本西芹各器官中铬含量和总累积量相对高于美国西芹。2个芹菜品种对铬的吸收均以根部为主要滞留器官,以细胞壁部位为主要的亚细胞分布区域,铬在芹菜体内以难溶性磷酸盐类、蛋白结合态类和草酸盐类为主要化学形态存在形式。     

小麦面团流变学特性与馒头品质分析

测试小麦面团流变学特性具有重要意义。测试的主要方法有基础法和经验法两种。测试仪器主要有粉质仪、拉伸仪、揉混仪、吹泡示功仪、质构仪等。粉质仪主要测定的指标有面粉吸水率、面团形成时间、面团稳定性、弱化度和粉质质量指数等。拉伸仪主要测定的指标有面团抗延伸性、延伸性、拉伸面积、拉伸比例等。揉混仪主要测定的指标有抗揉混阻力、最佳揉和时间、搅拌耐力、烘焙估计吸水值等。吹泡示功仪可以得到面团的韧性、延伸性和烘焙力等信息。质构仪可获得对面团流变特性最大拉伸阻力、拉伸比、面团粘性、面团强度等参数的测试结果。     

2种氮源与双氰胺配施对温室芹菜氮素吸收和营养品质的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了2种不同氮源(尿素氮、农家肥氮)与硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)配施后对温室芹菜氮素吸收和营养品质的影响。结果表明:尿素(Urea)和腐熟牛粪(Dung)分别与DCD配施在一定程度上均可促进芹菜产量的提高和品质的改善,减少土壤中硝态氮含量,降低芹菜体内硝酸盐累积,显著提高氮素利用率。与单施肥料相比,Urea+DCD和Dung+DCD可使土壤中铵态氮含量增加22.71%~92.97%,硝态氮含量降低12.28%~56.73%;可使芹菜茎、叶吸氮量分别增加29.24%~74.89%,30.89%~66.33%,地上部氮素利用率分别提高到16.85%和30.30%。同时,Urea+DCD和Dung+DCD还可促进芹菜产量和株高的增加,但差异未达到显著性水平(P0.05)。芹菜体内硝酸盐含量则分别降低37.05%,17.18%(茎),25.21%和7.63%(叶),并且还能显著提高芹菜中可溶性糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸和Vc含量。综合比较可知,尿素和DCD配施在减少氮素损失,降低芹菜体内硝酸盐含量以及提高营养品质方面的综合效果较佳。     

优质芹菜新品种‘申芹2号’

‘申芹2号’芹菜是从‘荷兰红芹’和‘黄心芹’杂交后代中经多代分离纯化,选育而成的优质新品种。植株直立,株高55 ~ 60 cm。外叶黄绿色,心叶嫩黄色,叶柄黄绿带红,叶柄长35.6 cm,叶柄宽0.85 cm,叶柄基部宽1.15 cm。质地脆嫩,味清香,富含铁元素和芹菜素,纤维素含量低。生长速度快,定植后50 d开始收获,单株质量266 g,平均产量43 t · hm^-2。耐热性好,适宜长江中下游地区保护地和露地栽培。     

中麦175馒头和面条品质稳定性分析

为给优质小麦育种和生产提供参考依据,以优质小麦新品种中麦175于2010-2011年度在河北和北京14个地点的样品为材料,分析了磨粉品质、面粉和面片颜色、面团流变学和淀粉糊化特性、馒头和面条加工品质。结果表明,中麦175为馒头和面条兼用型优质品种,特点是软质、中偏弱的面筋强度、面粉颜色白,多数品质性状较稳定,籽粒硬度、PPO活性、面片a*值、稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力的变异系数较大,馒头加工品质地点间变异大于面条。磨粉品质和面团流变学参数对馒头加工品质有显著影响,籽粒硬度和出粉率对馒头表面颜色有显著负向影响,相关系数分别为-0.82(P<0.01)和-0.58(P<0.05);面粉L*值高,馒头加工品质好,二者相关系数为0.72(P<0.01);吸水率与馒头总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.84,P<0.01),稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力与馒头总分呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.85(P<0.01)、0.77(P<0.01)、0.62(P<0.05)和0.70(P<0.01)。降低PPO活性和吸水率,提高蛋白质含量、出粉率和黄色素含量可以改善面粉和面片颜色的亮白度,增加部分黄度,形成消费者可接受的奶白色。淀粉糊化特性对馒头和面条加工品质无显著影响。上述信息对改良小麦品质的稳定性有重要意义。     

添加玉米粉对馒头品质的影响

为了选择玉米淀粉的最佳添加工艺,使馒头品质得到改善,进行了三因素三水平实验。A因素为玉米淀粉添加量,三水平为15%,20%,25%;B因素为发酵时间,三水平为2.5,3.0,3.5 h;C因素为加水量,三水平为50%,53%,55%。正交分析显示三因素中对馒头感官评价的影响为A>B>C,即玉米淀粉添加量>发酵时间>加水量。所以在实际生产中,应控制好玉米淀粉添加量,确保馒头品质的显著提高。     

面包及蛋糕的质构与感官评价的相关性研究

为了系统的量化不同厂家生产的、不同添加物、不同产品类型的面包和蛋糕的感官品质,采用物性测试仪和感官评价法,研究面包和蛋糕的质构与感官品质的相关性。结果表明：硬度和弹性指标可系统的量化同一厂家生产的不同添加物的面包和不同厂家生产的全麦面包的感官品质;弹性可系统的量化不同厂家生产的白面包的感官品质;回复性可系统的量化不同产品类型的海绵蛋糕的感官品质;硬度、黏聚性、咀嚼性、回复性可系统的量化不同添加物的戚风蛋糕的感官品质;硬度、弹性、黏聚性可系统的量化不同种类的蛋糕的感官品质。     

Glu-D1位点亚基缺失弱筋小麦新种质的创制及其品质分析

辐射诱变是一种重要的变异手段,为了丰富小麦的品质性状变异资源,通过采用60Co-?射线辐射普通小麦品种‘冀3235’幼胚愈伤组织的方法,获得辐射诱变处理的再生植株。对再生株后代种子进行麦谷蛋白亚基的SDS-PAGE分析,结果从中发现了不含Glu-D1位点编码的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的材料。经进一步的系谱选择,选育成了稳定遗传的7份材料。与对照‘冀3235’相比,这些株系的农艺性状无明显差异,醇溶蛋白A-PAGE电泳谱带也完全相同,仅在麦谷蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳图谱的Glu-D1位点上有差异（变异系缺少Glu-D1位点控制的亚基,对照‘冀3235’为2+12）。品质分析结果表明,Glu-D1位点缺失系的面粉品质发生了很大变化,其湿面筋没有检出,沉降值显著下降。这些变异系是培育弱筋小麦品种和评价Glu-D1位点功能的珍贵材料。     

Effect of wheat germ flour addition on wheat flour,dough and Chinese steamed bread properties

Wheat germ flour (WGF) has been developed as a functional food ingredient with high nutritional value. In this study, WGF was applied in steamed bread-making in order to improve the quality of Chinese steamed bread (CSB). Partial substitution of wheat flour with WGF at levels of 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% (w/w) was carried out to investigate physicochemical properties of blends and their steaming performance. Falling number (FN) values of composite flours ranged from 199 to 223 s. Viscosity analysis results showed that wheat flour mixed with WGF had higher pasting temperature and lower viscosities. Dough rheological properties were also investigated using farinograph and extensograph. The addition of WGF diluted the gluten protein in dough and formed weak and inextensible dough, which can be studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. CSB made with WGF had significantly lower volume, specific volume and higher spread ratio. The sensory acceptability and physicochemical quality of CSB were improved with the application of a low level of WGF (3% and 6%). However, results showed that a high level of WGF over 9% is not recommended because of unsatisfactory taste. As a whole, addition of appropriate level of WGF in wheat flour could improve the quality of CSB.     

Impact of different beer yeasts on wheat dough and bread quality parameters

In order to investigate the impact of different yeast strains from the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the dough and bread quality parameters, wheat flour was fermented using different beer yeasts. The results show that beer yeast strains could be included in the baking process since S. cerevisiae T-58 and S. cerevisiae s-23 provided adequate gas production and dough formation with superior structural properties like extensibility and stickiness to S. cerevisiae baker's yeast. The resulting breads show the highest specific volume with the highest slice area and the highest number of cells and the lowest hardness over time. The different yeasts had also an impact on the crust colour due to their abilities to ferment different sugars and on shelf life due to the production of a range of different metabolic by-products. According to this study it was possible to produce higher quality bread by using yeast coming from the brewing industry, instead of bread containing standard baker's yeast.